Media Influences On Children s Life - 1742 Words

Media influences through many types of communication systems and has a massive effect on people’s life, but are Americans fully aware that food industries generally targets children? The lawsuit brought by two teenagers, Ms. Bradley a 19 years old, weighs 270 pounds, Ms. Pelman a 14 years old, weighs 170 pounds, was whether McDonald’s was responsible for their obesity because McDonald’s did not provide the necessary information about the health risks associated with its meals that they eat. Placing the blame into the fast food industry for allegedly contributing to their obesity and health problems. The media through many types of advertisement promotes unhealthy foods, high in saturated fat, large amounts of fructose sugars, salt, as the ideal food options. Many may agree that it was their own wrongdoing that contributed to their obesity, but what about if people would give the teenagers some credibility to their allegations. Therefore, people can take into con sideration the theory that media has a huge negative influence on what American children eat. Media influence is something people should certainly always be aware of. Children on a daily basis read magazines, listen to the radio, watch television or check their online social media for the latest trends in the world, children are opening themselves up to be programmed by the media routinely. Why are children the main target by the food industries? Media has a negative influence on children’s food choices throughShow MoreRelatedMass Media Is An Integral Part Of Everyday Life989 Words   |  4 PagesMass media is an integral part of everyday life. Society depends on the various forms of media for information, education, and personal entertainment. Mass media positively and negatively influences beliefs, values, and expands knowledge to bring awareness to various social events. Media also impacts the way children and adolescences understanding of violence, racism, suicide, ag gression, and sexual stereotyping. If viewing these portrayals is accepted, then mass media does in fact negativelyRead MoreGender Socialization And Gender Roles1452 Words   |  6 Pages As we grow, we learn how to behave and respect from those surrounding us as well as children learn at a young age what it means to be a boy or a girl in our society . there are certain roles placed on boys and girls in accordance with their gender. These gender roles are set on children from birth and are taught until eventually they are accepted as adults. In this socialization gender role process , children are introduced to certain roles that are typically attached to their biological sex. SocializationRead MoreMass Media And Its Effect On Our Lives1286 Words   |  6 Pagessays, â€Å"Decades of study of media influence have shown one thing: the public’s awareness of and interest in a topic is directly related to the amount of attention that topic receives in the media. In other wor ds, the mass media affect what subjects people think about. However, it has not been shown that the media influence just how people think about these topics† (Mass Media). Have you ever wondered how much mass media can affect your life without knowing it? Mass media are not only important becauseRead MoreThe Social Problems Of Children1652 Words   |  7 Pagesannually. That s more than double what it was in 1992 (Lagorio, 2007). Lawlor and Prothero (2002) cited recent numbers for the spending influence of children up to twelve years in the United States. These children controlled spending of $28 billion in 2000 from their own allowances and earnings, and also they influenced $250 billion of family spending. (Oates, Blades and Gunter, 2003, pg.401). In this paper, it will being explaining what social problems are caused when children are marketed to andRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On People1388 Words   |  6 PagesEffect of Media Violence on People Media violence impacts the physical aggression of human beings. It is one of the many potential factors that influence the risk for violence and aggression. Research has proven that aggression in children will cause the likelihood of aggression in their adulthood. Theories have evolved that the violence present in the media most likely teaches the viewer to be more violent. It is a risky behavior that is established from the childhood. Furthermore, media violenceRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Media on Teenagers985 Words   |  4 Pages The media is a huge part in everyones lives and they have a great influence on the actions we partake in on a daily basis. Though adults dont usualy fall into the pressure of the media, young children and teenagers ae highly sussestable to what the media is telling them to do and whats cool. A major action glorified by the media is smoking and it pressures minors to take up the horrible habit as an attempt to be happy or some how be like their favori te celebrity. Media and holly wood especiallyRead MoreGender Socialization Of Children : Gendered Toys, Media, And Parental Affects Child Development1289 Words   |  6 Pagesoften influence how one interacts with another. This is especially important when taking into consideration the effects that gender socialization of children through gendered toys, media, and parental affects child development. Introduction Once a child is born, he or she learns to view the world based on the behaviors of others. The child’s primary caregivers, usually the parents, and others present in the child’s environment, such as siblings, peers, teachers, and even the media, contributeRead MoreHow Media Affects The Socialization Of Children1562 Words   |  7 PagesHow Media Affects the Socialization of Children As mass media continues to expand through our use of everyday electronics, children s socialization skills may be suffering by the lack of face to face, physical, and natural interaction. Mass media like television, computers, radios, newspapers, video games and many others play a huge role in socialization in children. Children need interaction, and mass media offers no physical interaction at all. Children are spending more and more time in theRead MoreThe Impact Of Mass Media On Youth And Society1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Mass Media on the Youth and Society Nowadays, the issue of mass media has caused much debate in the modern society, as well as mass media is becoming more important as a component that negatively affects the behavior of young people. There are many other factors, such as micro-environment, economic instability, the decline of moral values affecting children and young people and encourage them to commit unlawful acts. However, unlimited access to the Internet, mobile phone use in theRead MoreInfluence of Entertainment Media969 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of Entertainment Media Latishia Weldon HUM/186 March 4, 2013 Brandale Mills Influence of Entertainment Media America’s have shaped our culture though entertainment for media proposes for years. Entertainment media is how Americans attract the way of life. The social influences relay on the media entertainment for positive and negative images to help transform the minds of people. The culture of Americans have always been through television, computers, and entertainment. The values

A Moral Issue Of Poverty - 1602 Words

A Moral Issue Poverty has been evident since The Great Depression in the 1930’s. Since then, there has been an attempt to lower poverty level, though only a 2.5% decrease has been seen since 1965. It is argued that we do not need another war on poverty since nothing has seemed to help, but this is an issue that affects everyone. As Mark Bittman stated in his article â€Å"Why We’re Fasting† â€Å"This is a moral issue; the budget is a moral document.† Poverty can be improved if more emphasis is added to helping individuals or families out of poverty, instead of assisting them through their lives, by improving existing laws or implementing new laws centering around the idea of a fixed income. Poverty has been on a incline since the economic downturn in 2007. Poverty is defined as â€Å"the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount†, but a more modern definition used today is â€Å"in state of being extremely poor†. According to â€Å"Poverty in the United States† a report done by Congressional Digest, the poverty line in 2012 was 15.0 percent, which represents 46.5 million people living at or below the poverty line, and was 2.7 points higher in this year than in 2007. The article also stated that in 2012, the family poverty rate and the number of families in poverty was 11.8 percent and 9.5 million and the median income for households was $51,017, which means many of these households have students who become eligible for free lunches. In Lindsey Layton’s article â€Å"Most PublicShow MoreRelatedThe Different Dimensions of Poverty829 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty affects if most and not all of the society in the world, the pr oblem of poverty has been is almost as old as the history of mankind, this is evident from the period in humanity when the dwellings had no adequate sanitary arrangements- above all there was hunger and famine which was so chronic that only the worst examples were recorded. Hazzilt (1996) remarks that war, droughts, scarcities, famines, crimes, violence, diseases were prevalent to a degree and if empirical research is done onRead MoreTrying to Erradicate Poverty and Extreme Poverty1351 Words   |  5 Pages Almost half of the world lives on less than $2.50 a day. The very poor suffer from lack of access to safe food and water, basic education, and medicine. For many of the world’s countries, poverty is prevalent. While almost half of the world lives in poverty, the rich continue to get richer. In 2005, the poorer 10% only accounted for 0.5% of the world’s share of private consumption, while the richest 10% accounted for 59% of consumption (Shah 1-4). There is an incr easing inequality gap. The worldRead MoreRobbing the Rich to Give to the Poor Essay917 Words   |  4 PagesPoor Poverty has conquered nations around the world, striking the populations down through disease and starvation. Small children with sunken eyes are displayed on national television to remind those sitting in warm, luxiourious houses that living conditions are less than tolerable around the world. Though it is easy to empathize for the poor, it is sometimes harder to reach into our pocketbooks and support them. No one desires people to suffer, but do wealthy nations have a moral obligationRead MorePeter Singer s And Onora O Neill s Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophers, Peter Singer’s and Onora O’Neill’s attempt to draw connection between poverty and moral philosophy and how aid should be directed towards groups in absolute poverty. The aim of this paper is to provide an extensive analysis on the work of both the philosophers’ while outlining some of the limitations each of the theories has. Peter Singer is an Australian philosopher who has written extensively on poverty and social issues. Peter Singer states that â€Å"giving to charity† or neither charitable norRead MoreTreatment of the Concept of Poverty707 Words   |  3 Pagesage-old moral adjective of sympathy into a noun of disgust and disgrace; poverty then has been ascribed to living in ‘slums, ghettos, tenements’. Sen (1981) treatment of the concept of poverty relegates the concept to an existential situation; he describes poverty as thus:†to live in poverty may be said, but to offend or be hurtful to a society which creates problems for those who are not poor† (p, 2). In the quote, Sen asserts that there are requirements to be used in any concept of poverty; theRead MoreHunger And Poverty In Jessica Jackley And Josette Sheerans Speech1313 Words   |  6 PagesOur Power to Change Hunger and Poverty Hunger and Poverty are two major issues in today’s world. Jessica Jackley and Josette Sheeran argued respectively these two topics in two TED talk videos. In 2010, Jessica speech focused on poverty, money and love, as her title mentions. In 2011, Josette talked about ending hunger now, as mention in her speech title as well. Both talks focused on strategies to assist the less fortunate. Even though they both approach their audience with rhetorical strategiesRead MoreSocial And Economic Factors Of The American Youth889 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneration where privilege is always handed to them. However, this need to be privileged has created a negative impact on the American youth. Many are becoming ignorant toward the ongoing challenges that other adolescents face such as hunger and poverty. Living in a privileged environment protects these ignorant adolescents from these prevailing challenges. Nowadays the American youth is more concerned about the social life of famous pe ople, who serve as the allegorical figures of our age givingRead MoreThe Problem of Poverty in Famine, Affluence, and Morality by Peter Singer1112 Words   |  5 PagesPeter Singer is often regarded as one of the most productive and influential philosophers of modern times. He is well-known for his discussions of the acute social, economic, and political issues, including poverty and famines. In his â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality†, Singer (1972) discusses the problem of poverty and hunger, as well as the way this problem is treated in the developed world. Singer believes that charity is inseparable from morality, and no distinction can be drawn between charity andRead MoreThe Brown Vs. Board Of Education Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagestherefore economic segregation. Literature Review: Facing the Poverty System Kapstein (2010), author of Economic Justice in an Unfair World: Toward a Level Playing Field, suggests that politics comes from power, and as fair as most want it to be, the ones with the power have the final say. The author also explains how there should not be an unjust system in a developed country towards its poor people. He also gives a firm example of how poverty could be ended. James Wolfensohn, a former President of theRead MorePeter Singer : The Problem Of World Poverty And How We Can Effectively End It996 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean Graduate School, 1). Recently, Singer tackled the issue of world poverty and how we can effectively end it. In his theory, Singer Utilizes a Utilitarian ideology to explain why those with excess are obligated to sacrifice luxuries in order to provide for those who cannot provide for themselves since this will cause the most happiness for the greatest number of people (Cahn, 244). I intend to summarize â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Pover ty,† demonstrate his theory via relevant examples, and assess

Research Paper Mark Twain Free Essays

Isabella Thomaz Donna Hunter – Period 2 Research Paper – Mark Twain October 26, 2012 MARK TWAIN: A REMARKABLE MAN WHO PAINTED THE WORLD â€Å"Classic’ – a book which people praise and don’t read. † When Samuel L. Clemens (more often referred to as Mark Twain) said this, he meant it in a humorous sense, but he also wanted people to understand it’s meaning. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper Mark Twain or any similar topic only for you Order Now People call books like Huck Finn and Gatsby classics, yet the idea that these books are actually read by everyone isn’t so. Twain isn’t just a classical writer because we deem him so, he is given that title for the political influence he managed to present to his readers. He wanted to show that the idea of romanticism was healthy for young children unless used excessively. He expressed this point by creating Tom Sawyer, a boy who idolized romanticism; a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. And to have a balancing opposite, Huckleberry Finn was added into the equation – a boy who had no education but grew up both mentally and physically quickly because of his poverty. Twain’s idea of this political influence was a major impact on the people in his time because of the segregation of the whites and blacks – which was such a very big issue in that time with protests and such – and so his views were very democratic. We still value his influence today, not just because of the slavery issue but because of the controversy between romantic dominance and peaceful intelligence, romanticism having a more imaginative effect and intelligence striking your knowledge and building it on facts. That is why The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are meant for different aged readers – to impact a certain influence at a younger age when you read Tom’s story which is widely more imaginative, and to see the change of Twain’s attempt to get his point across of romanticism being unhealthy for people like Tom in Huck’s story. At the beginning of Huck’s story, there is a robber’s scene where the two boys and their friends try and create an environment such as in a wild west book and it is told in both boys’ perspectives, however they are viewed or seen entirely differently. William F. Byrne descbribes it as a change in Huck and Tom’s characters from the Adventures of Tom Sawyer to the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn because where Tom describes them, â€Å"We ain’t burglars. That ain’t no sort of style. We are highwaymen. We stop stages and carriages on the road, with masks on, and kill the people and take their watches and money. † (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: 26-28) Huck chooses to call themselves robbers, and eliminate the imagination by saying that they don’t kill people and that he was only in it for the profit, to which he found none. And then as Byrne points out, â€Å" In the earlier book Huck was the odd man out on issues of the imagination; the other boys welcomed the opportunity to share Tom’s dreams. In this case, however, we are told that all the boys resigned; it is Tom who is the odd man out. The other boys are perhaps getting too old for this kind of imaginative play, but not Tom. He alone remains determined to re-enact the kinds of dramatic events he has read about in fiction. † (Byrne, William F. Things have changed in the boys life and this is how Twain begins to reveal his controversial conflicts with romantic imagination in both Tom and Huck’s stories. A further demonstration of Twain’s political implications is Huck’s response to both Tom’s and the ‘duke’ and ‘dauphin’s’ (two men who happen to hop onto Huck’s raft with Jim, an escaped slave) dominance of being in charge. Huck, in order to prevent quarrels and maintain peace. He allows them to take charge and does whatever they say. The only difference between Tom’s dominance and the two men who hop on Jim and Huck’s raft is that Huck only follows Tom because he offered the poverty-stricken boy friendship. Also Tom’s fascination with romantic imaginations entertains Huck because it is the only bit of boyish quality he can attain to. The ‘duke’ and ‘dauphin’ have a sense of charge to the point that Huck actually has no say in the matter because even though he has grown up and craves more to the understanding of real-world problems, he is but a boy and Jim is an escaped slave. But there is something more Twain included to Huck’s behavior, and this is that because of his father’s physical dominance, he has shriveled into a sheep. He naturally allows himself to be put below someone else. â€Å"The silent assertion that nothing is going on which fair and intelligent men are aware of and are engaged by their duty to try to stop. † (Mark Twain) Twain’s words describe Huck’s form of character simply and this is a fascinating idea that Twain uses to distinguish Huck’s realism to Tom’s romanticism cognitive thinking. Twain shows how people have become so much more involved in romanticism imagination without even knowing it. The technological advances in society drive man to a more dominant state of mind and that men value their strive for dominant success over things like a family member’s death. He uses the Grangerfords and Shepherdsons, two families and neighbors with an ongoing feud that causes conflicts with the family members who want nothing to do with it, feud to express this for example when one from each family secretly gets married and this causes a battle that inevitably kills Huck’s friend, Buck. This is an influential topic more to present day society than from his time because everywhere you look, mankind is fighting with each other and we relentlessly regard what should be valued over money and political problems – our family’s well being and to look around our crumbling society that can only be reconstructed by everyone dropping their arms and helping one another out to become one with peace without having to give in to a dominant force as Huck Finn has allowed to be done to him. There is definitely a classical sense about Mark Twain, but it is not because someone just says ‘Oh hey this guy is a really good writer,’ it is a remarkable sense because he has a very powerful and political influence that was seen both in his time and ours, specifically with his books Tom Saywer and Huck Finn. Even if they are different. I believe his influence will continue to strive forward because if it’s one thing he made distinct, a part of mankind will always strive for dominance and those who see it and want to solve real-world problems will likely be the sheep created by physically dominated men like Huckleberry Finn. But they won’t be alone. Because as Twain influence reaches more and more sheep, they will become the lions and end the dominant strive and will maintain peace through equality. Works Cited: – Marshall, Donald G. â€Å"Twain, Mark. † World Book Student. World Book, 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. – Foner, Eric, and John A. Garraty. â€Å"Twain, Mark. † The Reader’s Companion to American History. Dec. 1 1991: n. p. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 28 Oct 2012. – â€Å"Mark Twain. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 28 Oct. 012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . – â€Å"Twain, Mark (1835-1910). † The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia with Atlas and Weather guide. Abington: Helicon, 2010. Credo Reference. Web. 28 October 2012. – Byrne, William F,. â€Å"Realism, Romanticism, and Politics in Mark Twain. † Realism, Romanticism, and Politics in Mark Twain. National Humanities Institute, 1 Nov. 1999. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . – T wain, Mark. â€Å"Chapter 4. † Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Random House, 1996. 26-28. Print. How to cite Research Paper Mark Twain, Essays

Zen of Digital and Social Media Marketing - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Zen of Digital and Social Media Marketing. Answer: Introduction: The use of social media requires that messages need to be targeted. The organization such as Qantas need to identify key audience. First the organization need to examine what its target audience are talking about, what their interests are as well as the prevailing attitude. This is essential in order to avoid backlash as experienced in the case of Qantas. Timing is an issue in the Qantas case. When the attitude of the target audience is understood, then the social media content can also be timed and tailored to match audience analysis research findings. This is essential as it can help avoid exaggerated messages given that social media messages should be well timed and audience-centered. Without audience attention, it is possible to have serious consequences as in the experience of Qantas. While an organization can use various approaches when coming up with social media messages, it is essential that a careful consideration is given to the approach used before an organization posts any particular content to social media platforms. Social media is a powerful tool influencing business strategy, brand, and culture. It, therefore, needs to be monitored and clear and immediate responses given in time to avoid negative consequences arising from lack of monitoring clients responses as seen in the Qantas case where no one was monitoring customers feedback. In order to overcome the past challenges of the brand, Qantas need to reconnect with its customer and inspire confidence once again. To build a positive public perception of the brand, Qantas should first begin by rebuilding trust. Trust is everything. Referrals and the willingness by clients to pay higher prices arise from being a trusted brand. Trust can be built by making sure that facilities used as well as air crafts are in good shape and of the right quality. Reconnect with employees Qantas should invest more in its Television advertising in order to reconnect with its clients across the globe. Television advertising captures the emotion of many people as it appeals to both hearing and visual senses. This should be accompanied by outstanding service delivery that can lure back lost clients. With this approach, the possibility of getting new clients is also high (Hyder, 2016) For successful social media engagement, there is the need for balance. Balance is the ability to manage a range of important and ongoing considerations effectively. This requires a well-planned social media strategy. Failure to maintain a balance can be costly to the organization given that in social media, balance is at the center of successful social media marketing campaign according to (Moone Slobodian 2016). In this regard it is, therefore, essential to achieve a reasonable balance, Tuten Solomon, (2014) elaborates that one of the best ways to realize a balance in social media begins with being mindful of the ratio that exists between selling and sharing. Sharing is very important and should come first because, in many occasions, people are on social media so that they can be educated, informed and entertained and not to be sold to. This, therefore, calls for intelligence in selling products on social media platforms. Integrity and ingenuity are needed in this area. Emotional capital is the aggregate feelings of goodwill towards an organization and the way in which that particular organization operates. The actions of executives can build emotional capital. An organization must ensure that it has built its emotional capital in order to be successful even in its internal communication processes. Success in using social media internally helps in reducing costs, stimulating innovations as well as increasing the organization's revenues. The use of social media in business is very important and timing is everything. A social media message should be timed in order to avoid embarrassing situations. An organization needs to gauge its customers feeling and attitude in order to post social media content at appropriate times. This will avoid exposing the weaknesses of the organization to the general public who follow social media comments posted by angry clients. The organization should also have perfect timing in order to know when there is high traffic and low traffic. Social media is like a city. It has rush hours. Content should be posted so as to coincide with the high traffic so as to reach a huge number of audience. One size fits all is no longer applicable in todays market. A more personalized experience is what clients are looking for on the web. It, therefore, important for an organization to first understand and define its audience before sharing any particular message on a social media platform. A department should be set up to monitor and handle social media messages. This department should be tasked with the monitoring of clients responses and responding to angry customers to avoid social media outburst from dissatisfied customers. A part of just knowing who one's clients are, it is essential to what one wants to say. To avoid messages that backfire, it is important for an organization to thoroughly analyze the organization's key message. The key message should not bear a bragging tone. Neither should it be too self-promoting but rather it should provide more value and outstanding experience to an organization's clients. The desired outcome of the organization should be to meet its goals through outstanding services delivery. The customer is always king. A good service delivery is what should, therefore, form part of the organization's goal for purposes of achieving the desired outcome which is to provide the best experience to customers. The choice of the social media channels to use is very vital for an organization. This will ensure that the messages are created for that platform particularly. Each and every social media platform has a different level of etiquette. In this regard, it is vital that upon choosing a platform to be used, the choices need to be tied to the organization's objectives, goals and the customers persona. To successfully compete on social media, one needs to use images appropriately. This is because it is a proven fact according to scientific research that nearly 90% of the information that is conveyed to the brain is visual. Visual content performs much better on a variety of social media. Survival on social media requires consistency. How often an organization should post content will depend on the social media platform of choice. For twitter an organization can post 4 times a day, Facebook 2 times a day, blog posts 2 times a day, LinkedIn once a day. Irrespective of the channel, consistency is very important. This way emerging issues can be noticed and quickly addressed to avoid damaging brand image. Work cited Tuten, T. L., Solomon, M. R. (2014). Social media marketing. Sage. Mooney, M., Slobodian, S. (2016). Seeing the wood for the trees: Fixing large undefined problems in digital marketing. Journal of Digital Social Media Marketing, 3(4), 294-303. Hyder, S. (2016). The Zen of social media marketing: an easier way to build credibility, generate buzz, and increase revenue. BenBella Books, Inc.

Hurricane Katerinas worst pain Essays (579 words) -

Hurricane Katerina's worst pain Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall near New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 29, 2005, was the most destructive and costliest tropical cyclone to hit States. Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall near New Orleans, Louisiana, on August 29, 2005, was the most destructive and costliest tropical cyclone to hit the United States. Hurricanes are tropical cyclones which are huge rotating storms which can cause huge amounts of damage. Hurricanes can reach up to 210 mph with heavy rain and stormy seas. The hurricane begins with an area of heated air over the warm seas in the Tropics. The heated air expands and rises, creating an area of low pressure. The surrounding air moves in towards the low pressure and is made to spin by the earth's rotation. Areas affected by Hurricane Katrina were Bahamas, South Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Panhandle and most of eastern North America. The US estimates the death toll to be in the thousands and the damage cost is higher than $200 billion. The mayor in New Orleans, Ray Nagging ordered an evacuation before the hurricane struck on August 28th, He repeated the order on August 31st.The storm started east of the Bahamas, it moved over it and made its way to Miami, south of Florida. It strengthened and turned into a hurricane just before reaching the Florida coast. Hurricane Katrina passed leaving 100,000 people without power. It strengthened further with wind speeds of 100-145mph and curved its way inland, towards Louisiana. When the hurricane reached New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina was at its fullest, at nearly 165mph! It destroyed and flooded most of New Orleans and parts of Mississippi and Alabama. The hurricane was downgraded to a tropical storm when it reached the middle of Mississippi and Alabama. Over 150,000 people could not evacuate because many of the New Orleans' school busses. In addition to residents, tourists were stranded on high pieces of land. Fuel and cars were in short supply and the Greyhound bu s and Amtrak train were stopped On August 28th, many refugees that could not leave the city went to the Louisiana Superdome. It housed nearly 10,000 people including National Guard troops. The Louisiana National Guard delivered three truckloads of water and seven truckloads of food, enough to supply 15,000 people for three days. When Katrina passed, it tore two massive holes in the Superdome roof. On September the 1st, it is reported that over 60,000 people had gathered at the Superdome even with the harsh circumstances. On August 31st, it was announced that evacuees were to be moved to the Astrodome in Texas. There were countless reports of looting and violence when many people were evacuating. There were even shootings on emergency helicopters halting rescues. Much of New Orleans is below sea level, which meant it only took 24 hours for 80% of New Orleans to be flooded when part of the levees was destroyed. Army helicopters dropped massive sandbags in the water to close the gap so that no more water could be flooded in. Trucks filled with big rocks also helped to fill the gap. They then put a sheet steel barrier using a crane beside the rocks/sandbags to stop the water completely. They finally used a giant pump to pump the water out of flooded areas to the river/lake. Experts said that it would take around 80 days before they could drain all the water out of New Orleans.

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"What gets measured gets managed.† And he was right. When you  have numbers and data, you  study them; you  wonder how you can make them better, especially if they involve sales. And in the world of content marketing, measuring blogging productivity has become a critical piece of any strategy that results in visits, return visits, lead generation, and, ultimately, conversion. The marketing performance metrics- or tools you  use to measure the value of the content you  write- have become quite sophisticated. And you  can use  them to inform all of the decisions you  make about the content on your blog. This is exciting stuff to help you reach your goals and improve  the content youre already publishing. Lets take a look! How To Crush Your Goals With Marketing Performance Metrics via @AndyPreislerBonus! Get your free Google Analytics dashboard  custom-built to complement this post to help you quickly spot many of these marketing performance metrics at a glance. It's complete with tons of links to related reports to explore your data even more in-depth to help you understand how your marketing is performing today and how you can improve your blog. Begin With Your Marketing Goals You users are publishing content because you have big goals to reach.  Figure out  your general marketing goals first, something like: Grow your trafficGrow your leadsGrow your customer base Once you have your foundation- the understanding of what you want to achieve with your marketing- you can then look into the  marketing performance metrics that will guide you toward actual data you will use to measure those goals. A super effective and easy way to define your goals is with the SMART goal setting process: Specific: What, when, and why.Measurable: This is where your marketing performance metrics come in to help you know when you accomplish your goal.Attainable: Requirements necessary to achieve your goal.Realistic: Acknowledge the road blocks that would prevent you from reaching the goal.Time-sensitive: Start and (most importantly) end dates. So, a format like this is what you're looking for: Beginning, January 1, 2016, we will increase our blog and website traffic to 1 million monthly page views by December 1, 2016, to help marketers plan better content while establishing ourselves as  an authority in our niche. The rest of this guide will walk you through choosing the marketing performance metrics you’ll use to measure your progress toward your goals. Recommended Reading:  How To Leverage Your Best Content To Meet Your Marketing Goals Understand The Basic Marketing Performance Metrics Your content creator should be an expert in two things: Creative and engaging writing.Using  analytics tools to measure the effectiveness of content that is created and published on your blog that will help you reach your goals. The basic metrics are all available through Google Analytics, a free tool that will provide huge amounts of data and deep insight into how your  content is really doing. Pro Tip: Setting up Google Analytics is pretty easy. Just follow this handy guide brought to you by the search engine itself. These are all about quantity and can be used to tell a big story in the following ways: Users: This number is a total of how many separate visitors come to your blog over a set period of time. The same visitor is not counted twice. This is the first step in a longer process of analyzing what you are doing right and wrong- the more, the better.Number of pageviews: Once a visitor lands on your blog, are they accessing other pages of your site from your blog? This is important information to have because it demonstrates that a visitor is impressed enough with a post to then check out your site as well.Bounce rate: When someone visits your blog and opens a post, do they stay or do they bounce out within the first 10 seconds? If the number is high, at least the first part of that post content is  not what they expected to see- an opportunity for you to improve.Inbound links: How many visitors are coming in from outside places via an external link? This means people think your content is important enough that they have provided a link to it in something they have written. All of these metrics give you important data that should tell you if your posts are doing the job or not. And Google Analytics does a great job of generating this kind of data for you, although some content marketers use other tools that may go a bit deeper, such as Whoopra or Clicky. The data should tell you specific things.  Low traffic and low â€Å"staying power†- as seen through pageviews and bounce rate- means that your content may need  a major facelift. Either you are not capturing visitors with your titles and first 100 words, or the content in the remainder of the post is not engaging them enough to stay, read, and, ultimately, share. On the other side, if traffic is good and there is high â€Å"staying power† and movement from a post to other pages, you have a winner. The content is good and is well suited to be  repurposed and recycled. Recommended Reading: 3 Hidden Google Analytics Reports To Help You Understand Your AudienceHow To Unlock Quality Content From Your Low-Performing Posts Create Better Content With Audience Performance Metrics These metrics are often called the â€Å"feel good† or â€Å"vanity† measurements. It’s nice to see good numbers of views and comments, because you feel like  other awesome folks appreciate your content. Yay for us! Numbers of views within a set period of time:  Track the number of views (usually in a month), along with the amount of time spent once a post is opened. You could also combine the number of comments a post receives or the decline of views as a post ages.Comments per views:  If, for example, you are getting a comment for every 50 views of a post, you have a winner. That content should be used again, in a different way.Views vs. users: You will also want to know who among your visitors are unique repeat visitors. The repeat visitor number is an important one, because research shows that conversions often come from visitors who view between 5–9 times. These people are highly active- the visitors you have managed to engage well. It's a solid goal to increase the numbers of your  highly engaged audience. You can determine the type of content they enjoy and plan for more of it by analyzing the posts that your highly engaged visitors view.Number of shares per article:  When you get the data on share numbers from each post, and even better, to which social media sites those shares are going, you have some pretty valuable information. Now you can choose the networks where you may want to expand your presence because your audience is clearly using certain networks more than others. It also gives you  an understanding of what content is the most popular  so you can replicate your success. Your marketing calendar shows you which blog posts are getting the most shares right in your top posts page. shows the social shares for every blog post you publish. Find ways to build upon the popular  blog posts you publish that  generate tons of long views and comments, and engage your visitors. You could possibly: Publish  new posts covering related ideas.Repurpose the blog posts  into different media.Optimize that existing content with better graphics  to increase time on page.Add  downloads  into your posts to convert that traffic  into email subscribers. Google Analytics does a fine job of generating vanity data, although some marketers prefer to use Mint, a tool that can also tell you from where your viewers are coming. A Word Of Caution: There is a growing group of content marketing experts who believe that bloggers spend too much time (and money) and give too much importance to vanity metrics analysis. Jason Amunwa is the director of products at Filament, who warns: Vanity metrics do nothing for your actual website objectives, but make your marketing efforts look good. This is problematic, because oftentimes they siphon effort and focus away from the things that could really move the needle for you. Engagement metrics tell you what content is truly performing for you, what’s just â€Å"meh†, and what’s ripe for enrichment and optimization;  in short, engagement metrics tell you where the real opportunities are for growth. Consider  your vanity audience metrics as a learning tool to understand what is popular to create better content. That said, if your main goal is to grow your customer base, let conversions be the metric that influences your content creation process the most. Recommended Reading:  What Really Is Your Social Media ROI? Optimize For Conversion With  Content Performance Metrics This is the truly actionable part of your marketing performance metrics, because you will get invaluable information about how your blog is doing and what you specifically need to do to improve your blogging productivity. Check out three types of marketing performance metrics for your content- content life, content engagement, and content conversions. Content Life (Longevity) Every post has a shelf life. You need to track this so you know how long each post continues to receive views. How many views do you get the first 6 hours, the first day, the first week, and the first month? And what times and days are are you getting the most views?  With the right analytics, you can understand  the longevity of individual posts and an average longevity of all of your posts combined. This kind of information can drive your decisions about what content ideas work well and how to flesh out your blog schedule and social media promotion: Which posts are the most popular? The style and content is obviously right, so you will want to mimic that as much as possible.Which posts are the least popular? You know what style and content not to post again.Which posts have the greatest longevity? Is there a particular common aspect of those? Do you have embedded videos, infographics, etc. on those with a longer shelf life? Again, this tells you what to mimic in future posts.What is your average longevity number?  Your average longevity number is the number of days your posts typically have a lot of interaction before fading. If  your posts  are getting the most views within the first three days, and then viewership is dropping off, you know you need to post every three  days to keep your  blog filled with fresh content. Alternatively, you could use  a tool like to share your content more on social media to extend the life of your content. You can use these Google Analytics reports to understand when you are getting the most pageviews, visits, and leads to help you publish  and share content at the best times when your audience is most engaged. Do you look at content longevity? The metric can help you plan  a better #blogschedule.Recommended Reading: When Is The Best Time To Publish A Blog Post?What 10 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media Content Engagement Part of evaluating engagement, of course, includes some of the vanity metrics you just learned about. How many comments and shares are you getting? High numbers indicate that your viewers are actually taking the time to check out  your entire post and are so  engaged that they want to comment or to share that content with others. Which  types of media  complement your posts the best?  So you're blogging, but you're probably including different types of content into your posts. When you share that advanced media like infographics and videos to your social networks, what is performing better for your audience?  This kind of information will tell you which types of posts you want to link to which social media.Measure the time spent on each post by each visitor. If a visitor stays 3 minutes or more, that visitor will most likely return, and studies show that you need to capture a visitor within the first 10 seconds if they're going to stay. If you're getting lots of bounces within that first 10 seconds, you need to do something about your headlines  and your blog post introductions.  You can also get data on whether a visitor is actively engaged with your content or whether the page is open by sitting on a background tab right in Google Analytics.Are viewers scrolling through other posts  after they spend time reading one? This is clearly engagement, and the longer they spend doing this, the more likely they are to come back again. And if you really want to dig deeper, you can track the specific posts a visitor views and collect data on that, so that you know which posts of the past are still piquing interest- review that content and see how you can repurpose it. Personalized content is trending now, so this is a great way to prepare for it!Viewer Loyalty: Google Analytics calls this â€Å"frequency† or â€Å"recency.† How often does the same viewer come and how many days before they come back? Chartbeat  conducted a loyalty study and found that anyone who comes 5 times in a month will keep returning regularly after that.Recommended Reading: 4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Content Conversions Conversions are any action  you want a viewer to take, whether that is a sale or an action that may funnel that conversion to an eventual sale. You need to know the percentage of visitors that take some action after having been on your blog- giving an email address signing up for a newsletter, taking a free trial, etc. Lead generation metrics: Are they converting before they read your content or afterward? This will tell you if your posts are productive or not. If conversions are occurring after your content is read, your inbound blog posts are doing their job.Sales generation metrics: If specific content is generating purchases on the part of viewers, you will know that you want to get that type of content into as many posts as possible. Google Goal Analytics can give you great data through conversion reports, and these are pretty critical, because, after all, marketing exists for one purpose- to sell. Create your goals in Google Analytics now: Create, edit, and share goalsCreate and customize dashboards You can request conversion rates per page on your entire site, which will include your blog, and then compare the percent  of conversions for each page. And, if you dig deeper, you can get a report that shows the page that was the original view of that conversion. If you find that a healthy percentage of conversions begin with a view of a blog post, then these posts are paying off well. If you have lots of views, comments, and shares but not a good conversion rate, then all you have are vanity views. Analytics tools are sophisticated, rather amazing, and can really help you make some big  decisions about  your blog content. Turning your marketing performance  metrics into actionable ways to improve your blog will help you create better content and focus that content on achieving your goals.

Rules of Statutory Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Rules of Statutory Interpretation - Essay Example In order to find the intent and meaning of legislation, judges use various rules and approaches of statutory interpretation such as legislative history and the traditional statutory interpretation canons. The use of rules and approaches in statutory interpretation is necessary because of the following reasons: more often than not, words have more than one meaning; errors of omission or commission may have been committed during the drafting if the statute; words can prove to be imperfect means of communication; and, society may experience new developments that may render some words in the statute out-of-date since they can no longer cover contemporary situations.2 Rules and approaches to statutory interpretations have been developed by the judges; the Interpretation Act of 1978 provides basic definitions which are necessary during statutory interpretations.3 As a matter of fact, the main function of the courts is to interpret the Acts of Parliament; they have the role of attempting to establish the Parliament’s intention in passing of a particular Act and make a decision based on that intention. However, there is a view among legal scholars and practitioners that the rules and approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts, and there seem to be no underpinning principles.4 It is in the light of this that this paper will focus on the rules and approaches that apply to statutory interpretation and discuss the validity of this view. In addition, it will consider the influence of the European Law in regard to this topic. As has been noted, the courts use rules and approaches in interpreting statutes. Conventionally, the judge will perform the following tasks during statutory interpretations: consider the legislative intent of the statute, objective meaning of the appropriate text, the traditional canons of the statutory interpretation, and the general purposes and policies behind the legislation among others.5 Based on those considerations, the court may determine how the statute could be interpreted to mean.6 However, the court may also determine that there is no sufficient reason to prefer one way of interpretation over the other. This is one of the reasons that make some legal scholars and practitioners to have the view that the rules and Approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts.7 They argue that even though it is assumed that diligent application of these rules and approaches will enable the courts to be persuaded on which interpretation is legally preferable; in some cases the courts encounter frustrations while attempting to find the legally preferable interpretation of statutes. As a result, sometimes judges have to pretend that these rules and approaches have yielded decisive interpretation when in real sense they have not, a situation that encourages arbitrariness and obfuscation in making of judicial decisions.8 In order to effectively discus s the validity of the view that 'The Rules and Approaches that apply to statutory interpretation give too much latitude to the courts, and it seems there are no underpinning principles', it is important to understand what these rules and

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example However there have been various gaps in the service standards of online shopping. This paper is about a business plan of Online China Shopping Mall. The first section deals with the business viability of the proposal. Marketing mix is explained in the next section where the product, pricing, place and promotional strategies will be discussed. Entrepreneur skills and leadership styles are the next section which is followed by the human resource strategies. The supply chain management is another important factor of the online retailing that is discussed in the last section followed by conclusion of the paper. There is a good scope within the retail segment for variety of goods and products. These include clothing, fashion and apparel marketing, grocery stores, pharmacy, electronics, fast food and many others. There are number of organization offering these services. These organizations are superstores like Wal-Mart or smaller neighborhood retail outlet. The strategies of these organizations are based on their target customer base, location and company. The average household wealth is higher in the metro areas. In the recent studies inner city areas have indicated a large consumer base and high concentration of wealth and buying power. These areas have low competition, lower operating cost, real estate prices and others which make these areas a good prospect for business. According to a study completed by ICIC and the Boston Consulting Group of the more than $85 billion in retail spending per year that inner cities represent (over 7% of all U.S. retail spending), $21 billion of this demand is going unmet. 1 According to Kalakotas and Robinson (1999) this Internet-based technology, allow the online application to integrate several business functions such as accounting, banking, finance, management and administrative control, supply chain management, selling chain management, data collection system, marketing, and also fund transfer. . E-commerce has become

ECON Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ECON - Research Paper Example Hypothetically, the relationship is that with a budget deficit, there is likelihood that the government may finance this deficit through printing of more money and pumping it into the economy. This leads to more money into the economy leading to inflation. Since this printing of money is not going concordant with production of goods and services. This concept is popular with developing countries where financial markets are not well developed to finance the deficit or when the public lacks enough confidence in the government of the day to invest in the government’s debt, or when the central bank is not independent and therefore easily manipulated by the government to finance its debts. Data pointing on the relationship between budget deficit and inflation are hard to come by since different countries give varying statistics. Some show a direct relationship while some do not hence this research. This research will use the statistics of the United States budget deficit and inflat ion and United Kingdom deficit and inflation. UK and US financials The united kingdom and the united states are considered to be relatively economically stable countries with independent central banks and relatively stable financial markets. This means the central bank is under no influence by the political class and financial markets may be used to finance budget deficits. This leaves the budget deficit and inflation as independent entities and it would therefore be interesting to see what other relationship there may be between the two concepts. Financial data of these two countries will be used in this paper. Budget Deficit or Surplus Data US Surplus or Deficit data The above graph shows the US deficit and surplus over a period of 20 years. The fluctuation over the years may indicate change in political environment and shift in policies. UK Surplus or Deficit data The above graph shows similar data over the same period of time but of the UK. The figures show huge variations betwe en the two countries. It may seem the two are exact opposites of each other. For the rise of one over a given period, a fall of another within the same period is reflected. Inflation Data US inflation rates The inflation data chosen is of the same period of years, 1982-2012. The figures are also fluctuating over the years, this too may be due to changing monetary policies, and political era shifts. UK inflation rates The inflation figures between US and the UK are not as varied as the budget deficit figures. The figures seem to go in tandem with each other. This may be due to economic common factors that lead to such. The common factors may be global, bearing that the US and the UK control a significant portion of the world’s economy. Budget deficit/inflation figures US Budget deficit/Inflation The US budget deficit and inflation figures show a relationship between the two. A rise in one shows a rise in the other. This may indicate lack of full independence of the central ban k. However, lagged the relationship may be, there is a relationship. UK budget deficit/Inflation The UK budget deficit and inflation figures show a more lagged relationship. The relationship between the two graphs is not reflective of an active relationship between the two figures. It may indicate a very independent central bank. However, it is important to consider the difference in the economic operation between the two c

Compare Nuclear and Wind Energy

Compare Nuclear and Wind Energy At present, society is developing rapidly so mankind needs more electricity. Most countries are using the method of burning fossil fuels to make power to produce the materials which effects the environment because carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide are emitted. These gases can help to build the greenhouse effect and acid rain pollution, which will make the earths temperature warmer and the rain acidic. Therefore, mankind uses new ways to produce energy, such as, nuclear, wind and solar. In this essay, nuclear energy will be compared and contrasted with wind energy; both of them are energy for sustainable development, though the main differences are their location, environment and efficiency. The similarity is that both nuclear energy and wind energy are will have a negative affect for environment, although both of them are not product bad for environment gas. According to Darvill (2010), the nuclear energy is produced by the large nuclei splitting to release energy. However, after nuclear fission, the nuclear power plant will produce some danger waste, when the radiation happening, Marples (1996) stated that Iodine-131, Cesium-137, and Strontium-90 were the most serious radioactive elements to be disseminated by the disaster at Chornobyl. The cases it was nuclear and pollution. For example, Marples (1996) reported that the famous nuclear leakage is the disaster at Chornobyl on the middle of ninety century which the contaminated areas include, approximately 20 percentage of the territory of Belarus, circa 8 percentage of Ukraine and about 0.5-1.0 percentage of the Russian Federation, altogether the total area is about the size of the Northern Ireland combined the state ad d of Kentucky or of Scotland. Besides that, wind energy is also harmful to the environment. Because wind power energy needs to build a high tower, put a large propeller on the top, the wind blow the propeller turn round. Furthermore the windmill can kill birds, Darvill (2012) show than migrating flocks tend like to dependent on strong wind move. However, the windmills also like to build in those areas. Therefore the species will be abatement or disappear to break the ecological balance, which is the same badly for environments. Both ways to make electricity are bad for environments. One obvious difference is the geographical limitations of power generation. When a country found the new way to make energy, this is the most important thing they considered. Nuclear energy and wind power energy both have geographic limitations. Most nuclear power stations are built in coastal regions, because the nuclear power stations need to use the sea water as the coolant. If the stations were building inland, nuclear power station also can use the fresh water as the coolant, however the investment would be raised. The location of wind power is more important for generation, mankind would like to build a lot of these towers together, to set up a wind farm and produce more energy, before building the station, the most important part is to choose a place which has strong wind as wind farm. Duncan (2000) pointed out that the wind speed should be around in 25 meter per second to make sure that the wind turbines are working stably, it than mean the wind must strong and reliable. Such as Darvill (2010) showed that at the open plains, on the tops of hills and gaps in mountains. Therefore, wind energy cannot be used everywhere. Another difference between nuclear energy and wind energy is efficiency. Nuclear power stations work as the fossil fuel burning stations, both of which are heating the water to make steam, that turn turbines and make electrical power. One ton of uranium produces more energy than that produced by several million tons of coal or several million barrels of oil (Thinkquest). Thus, the nuclear power energy is more efficientlyÂÂ  than the fossil fuels when making power. However wind power energy is a kind of low efficiency energy. Duncan (2000) illustrated that both of from solar energy and wind power energy, the cost of produced electricity are substantial higher than for a heat power station, furthermore the generators are erratic since they require sunshine or wind to work. For example Currently only 1 percentage of the state of Californias electricity supply comes from 17000 wind mills, with the equivalent output of one fossil-fuel plant (Duncan, 2000). The efficiency is the obvio us difference for nuclear energy and wind energy. In conclusion, nuclear energy and wind power energy are both have different and similar property. The similarity is both of them are not product the bad for environment gas. The nuclear energy is high efficiency energy, it cost less source to make more energy; Even though, after fission, it would produce waste, which is dangerous the wash, it is danger. Furthermore, the wind energy is efficiency is too low and the geographical limitation is a big problem. In my opinion, the nuclear energy power can be the popular to use in future, because nuclear is more efficiency, the waste problem will with the social development to resolve.

The Saga of the Tigua Indians Essay -- Tigua Indians Native Americans

The Saga of the Tigua Indians The Saga of the Tigua Indians is an amazing one. By all reasoning they should have been wiped out long ago. There quiet defiance to change, however, has carried them through. From the height of civilization to near extinction the Tigua have remained. They endure imprisonment by the Spanish, oppression and manipulation by everyone that followed. This is the story of a people thought to extinct, that are once again learning to survive. Early histories of the Tigua Indians are conflicting and largely untrue. Since 1680 it had been believed that the Tiguas were traitors to the Pueblo Nation, and had chose sides with the Spanish during the Pueblo Revolt. Upon the Spanish retreat south it was believed that the Tiguas chose to flea with the Spanish Military. The truth of their migration south is somewhat different. The Tigua are direct descendants of the Pueblo Indians of Isleta, New Mexico. There name Tigua, or Tiwa, refers to the dialect that they speak. Long before they founded Isleta, however, they were the inhabitants of a much more spectacular home; the fabled city of Gran Quivira, the golden city that drew the interest of Coronado. By 800 A.D. the city covered seventeen acres. T its height it had twenty housing projects built in the form of towering apartments, when most of Europe was nothing but primitive tribes. Terraces, garden apartments, churches, workshops and kitchens separated these projects. The masons w ere so skilled that the stones required no cement, and the carpenters cut wood in a way that the beams required no nails. When the Spanish finally found this city of legends they ere so impressed that they called it Pueblo de los Humanas, or the City of Human Beings. Then they went about destroying the city and the people forcing them into exile. This marked the beginning of centuries of abuse. From relocation to theft the Tiguas were to become the plaything of Europeans and Americans alike. In 1680 the majority of the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico staged a revolt against the Spanish. On the whole the Tigua did not join the revolt. Some believe this is an indication that the Tigua were loyal to the cross and to Spain. This is not entirely accurate. As the southernmost pueblo, location probably had more to do with the fate of the Tigua then anything. The news of this revolt led by an Indian named Pope had... ...se. The tribe is currently building many welfare programs, educational programs, establishing health benefits, plus laying aside money to distribute to the entire tribe. The money is currently collecting interest in a trust until the Bureau of Indian Affairs gives approval to a distribution plan. The lawsuits to reclaim the land have been put on hold. The Tigua are getting what they want through the casino. They are by choice quietly buying land that is legally theirs anyway. Though they are the rightful owners, the Tigua do not wish to make a big scene. They prefer to achieve economic independence on their own, hopefully reducing the chances of being taken advantage of again. Only six full-blooded Tigua remain, and they still plow and keep their traditional lands. They continue to teach children and grandchildren how to be Tigua. Works Cited 1. Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Archives (the Tigua file. / (S.l. / 1992-1993 FILM 22,186 REEL 1 Center for American History FILM 22,186 REEL 2 Center for American History FILM 22,186 REEL 3 Center for American History 2. Exiled : the Tigua Indians of Ysleta del Sur. Randy Lee Eickhoff. Plano, Texas, Republic of Texas Press, 1996.

Family Essay Essay

Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove – Freedom Essay by Callum Powell 8A The phrase to â€Å"set himself free† is used a lot throughout a bridge to Wiseman’s cove, whether it is to do with family issues or just common everyday tasks. Carl is constantly trying to let himself free and sometimes succeeds but other times doesn’t. Some examples are that if he’ll see his mother or every stop looking after his little brother Harley. Throughout â€Å"A bridge Wisemans cove† he goes through a mental journey facing evil family member (usually Beryl) and friends. An example of setting himself free is at the end of the novel where throughout the book where he has been looking after Harley, feeding him, caring for him and most importantly keeping him out of trouble. Such as when Harley is caught stealing from the local store, by the time he gets back to Aunt Beryl’s house she lashes out and threatens to kick Harley out but Carl intervenes and give Beryl some of the money that Sarah gave him earlier on in the book so that she can be kind to Harley. So by the end of the book when Harley moves in with the Duncan’s. Carl feels a sense of relief and freedom, because he no longer has the responsibility for Harley and he no longer has to worry about him. â€Å"â€Å"When Beryl chains Harley up, Carl finds the courage to confront her at the bowls club where she has been all day playing the pokies. If you’d stayed with him, kept an eye on him, if you cared about him, he wouldn’t get into trouble. † This is another part of the book where Carl â€Å"sets himself free† he finally sets free how much he despises aunt Beryl, she has been mean and cruel to them and trying to find any reason to kick them out. So this is when Carl sets free how he feels and puts his foot down. Another example of setting himself free is also at the end of the book when Carl finds out that whilst on her way home from her ‘holiday’ Kerry died in a bus crash. â€Å"Carl Matt opened up too, letting go and feeling a freedom flood into him †¦ he knew at last that he was alive to feel it† (page 241) this moment was probably one of the biggest revelations for Carl as he finally felt the sense of freedom as he was always wondering when his mum would return or if she would return. So when he finally finds out that his mother had died of course he felt sad and depressed but at the same time he felt closure and freedom as he didn’t have to worry about her or didn’t have to always be thinking of if she will come and pick him up. This is a very important part of the novel as the premise of the book is based on family and love but Carl and Harley don’t have either all they have is each other so when they find out their mum is dead it hits them hard but also sets them free. One last example of letting himself free is whilst Carl is working at Skips barge. Because working on the barge helps Carl get away from all his troubles and more importantly the people that don’t accept him such as Beryl. Whilst working on the barge Carl finds the freedom to try a lot of new things. â€Å"You love that barge, don’t you, Carl? †¦You’re the best thing that could have happened. † Finally people were starting to notice Carl, then he had the freedom to show himself. Throughout the book he was shown as a very shy, lonely and awkward kid who didn’t know many people and didn’t really talk or try to communicate with them. â€Å"Carl shared in†¦the freedom of the bird itself. Elation, freedom. He felt them both† (page 158) in some sense Carl wished that he was the bird so that he could fly away from all of his problems ad just leave them all behind. Although Carl keeps working at the barge by the end of the book he still senses a feel of freedom being away from everyone and having somewhere just to relax and forget all of your troubles. To conclude Carl found many ways to find freedom whether it was mental or emotional freedom. The ways he exampled freedom in the text were standing up to Aunt Beryl for Harleys sack, working at the local barge and finally he having the freedom to stop worrying about is mother as he didn’t know she died on her way back home. So by the end of the novel Carl found the freedom for a lot of things and didn’t regret any of the decisions he made.

Origin and Development of Applied Linguistics Essay

â€Å"Applied linguistics is not a discipline which exists on its own. It is influenced by other disciplines and influences them as well. It is a two-way process. For this reason, applied linguistics examines theories from all sorts of different areas (semantics, syntax, pragmatics, sociolinguistics,†¦) and from all sorts of perspectives so that it help find out effective solutions for language -related issues such as teaching methodology (including foreign language and mother tongue teaching), translation, aphasia,†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Applied linguistics originated in close relation with foreign language teaching and has developed to cover a wide range of knowledge, but its core has always been language teaching and learning. Applied linguistics draws its sources from sociology, psychology, anthropology and information theory as well as from linguistics to solve practical problems in practical areas such as language teaching. So applied linguistics is not linguistics that is applied, though it applies, first of all, linguistics. In fact, what it applies depends on what the theories are applied to. Applied linguistics, unlike pure science, aims to solve problems. Thus between theories of linguistics and related fields and the practical areas such as language teaching, it plays the role of a mediator, which bridges theories and practice together. In this way, applied linguistics not only provides principles and methodology for language teaching, etc. , but also gives feedbacks to the theoretical study by summing up the experience from practice. As applied linguistics makes language teaching and learning its core, it provides language teacher with good language theories, principles and methodology. By learning applied linguistics, language teacher can possess an overall understanding of updated theories of language teaching & learning as well as a better perspective of the various factors affecting language teaching &learning. So it is very necessary for a language teacher to learn applied linguistics in order to teach more effectively. As for language learners, it is also very helpful to have some knowledge about applied linguistics. For one thing, by knowing the currently used teaching approaches and methods, which are covered by applied linguistics, language learners can learn to adjust themselves to the teacher’s teaching by adopting a more proper learning method because â€Å"a theory of teaching always implies a theory of learning â€Å"(Applied Linguistics, Yue Meiyun) and language learning is a two – way process, which needs efforts and adaptation from bath the teacher’s side and the learner’s side. For another, applied linguistics covers a wide scope of knowledge. It helps to enhance learner’s insights and depth of knowledge in language learning. Applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. The goal of this writing is to make some personal comment on the viewpoint: â€Å"Applied linguistics is not a discipline which exists on its own. It is influenced by other disciplines and influences them as well. It is a two-way process. For this reason, applied linguistics examines theories from all sorts of different areas (semantics, syntax, pragmatics, sociolinguistics,†¦) and from all sorts of perspectives so that it help find out effective solutions for language -related issues such as teaching methodology (including foreign language and mother tongue teaching), translation, aphasia,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Many linguistic students like me find linguistics useful because it broadens and deepens their understanding of related fields such as languages and literature (English and foreign), social sciences (especially anthropology, sociology, and psychology), education, philosophy, communication†¦ The question is whether applied linguistics and linguistics applied is the same. Needless to say, the answer is â€Å"no†. Phillip Shaw, Stockholm University Strictly looking at the model above by Philip Shaw, a professor from Stockholm University, we can see a basic coherence between applied linguistics and other sciences. According to the professor, studying linguistics means studying language’s sounds, grammar, words, meanings, uses, and connected contexts – that is phonetics, syntax, lexis, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse respectively. Of these, phonetics focuses on the physical sounds of speech. It covers speech perception (how the brain discerns sounds), acoustics (the physical qualities of sounds as movement through air), and articulation (voice production through the movements of the lungs, tongue, lips, and other articulators). This area investigates, for instance, the physical realization of speech and how individual sounds differ across languages and dialects. This research plays a large part in computer speech recognition and synthesis. Syntax is the study of how units including words and phrases combine into sentences. Syntacticians investigate what orders of words make legitimate sentences, how to succinctly account for patterns found across sentences. Semantics within linguistics refers to the study of how language conveys meaning. Pragmatics is the study of how utterances relate to the context they are spoken in. By areas studied, he distinguishes different kinds of linguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study where linguistics looks at how language functions in different social contexts. In other words, it is the study of how language varies according to cultural context, the speaker’s background, and the situation in which it is used. Meanwhile, historical linguistics studies how languages are historically related. This involves finding universal properties of language and accounting for a language’s development and origins. Psycholinguistics is the study of language to find out about how the mind works. Pr. Phillip Shaw emphasizes that we can applied all knowledge of the above-mentioned sciences. It is understandable, therefore, whereas theoretical linguistics is concerned with finding and describing generalities both within particular languages and among all languages, applied linguistics takes these results and applies them to other areas. He defines applied linguistics as an engineering of linguistics, taking what the sciences of linguistics have discovered and applied to solve real practical problems. Kamil Wisniewski, in his work ‘Applied Linguistics’ 2007, he presents the term applied linguistics as an umbrella term that covers a wide set of numerous areas of study connected by the focus on the language that is actually used. He puts the emphasis in applied linguistics on language users and the ways in which they use languages, contrary to theoretical linguistics which studies the language in the  abstract not referring it to any particular context, or language, like Chomskyan generative grammar for example. Interestingly even among applied linguists there is a difference of opinion as to the scope, the domains and limits of applied linguistics. There are many issues investigated by applied linguists such as discourse analysis, sign language, stylistics and rhetoric as well as language learning by children and adults, both as mother tongue and second or foreign language. Correlation of language and gender, as well as the transfer of information in media and interpersonal communication are analyzed by applied linguists. Also forensic linguistics, interpretation and translation, together with foreign language teaching methodology and language change are developed by applied linguistics. Shortly after the introduction of the term applied linguistics it was associated mainly with first, second and foreign language teaching, however nowadays it is seen as more interdisciplinary branch of science. Although in certain parts of the world language teaching remains the major concern of applied linguists, issues such as speech pathologies and determining the levels of literacy of societies, or language processing along with differences in communication between various cultural groups – all gain interest elsewhere. There is a consensus among linguists that is applied linguistics is an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. Some of the academic fields related to applied linguistics are education, linguistics, psychology, computer science, anthropology, and sociology. Major branches of applied linguistics include bilingualism and multilingualism, computer-mediated communication, conversation analysis, contrastive linguistics, sign linguistics, language assessment, literacy, discourse analysis, language pedagogy, second language acquisition, lexicography, language planning and policies, stylistics, pragmatics, forensic linguistics, and translation. For all of what I have presented above, I want to restate that applied linguistics does not exist on its own, it makes a great influence on other disciplines and also is influenced by them. The findings of linguistics, like the findings of any other theoretical study, can be applied to the solution of practical problems, as well as to innovations in everyday areas involving language. This is the mandate of applied linguistics. Applied linguists draw from theories of language acquisition to develop first and second language teaching methodologies and to implement successful literacy programs. Applied linguists may also engage in language planning by developing alphabets and grammars for unwritten languages and by writing dictionaries. In short, applied linguistics applies the theories and tools of formal linguistics, sociolinguistics, and psycholinguistics in a wide variety of socially useful ways In his own work – â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics† (Cambridge University Press, 2001), Michael McCarthy presents applied linguistics as problem – solving concept. According to him, it is the belief that linguistics can offer insights and ways forward in the resolution of problems related to language in a wide variety of contexts that underlines the very existence of applied linguistics. Applied linguists try to offer solutions to real-world problems in which language is a central issue. People often think that applied linguistics refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but this is just one sub-discipline. McCarthy lists out the domains of typical applied linguistic problems which, as he says, seems certainly be wide – ranging and potential endless, but might include 14 problems as following: 1- A speech therapist sets out to investigate why s four-year-old child has failed to develop normal linguistics skills for a child of that age. 2- A teacher of English as a foreign language wonders why groups of learners sharing the same first language regularly make a particular grammatical mistake that learners from other language backgrounds do not. 3- An expert witness in a criminal case tries to solve the problem of who exactly investigated a crime, working only with statements made to the police 4- A advertising copy writer searches for what would be the most effective use of language to target a particular social group in order to sell a product. 5- A mother-tongue teacher needs to know what potential employers consider important in terms of a school-leaver’s ability to write reports or other business documents. 6- A historian wishes to understand the meanings of place-names in a particular geographical area and how they have changed over time. 7- A person constructing a language test foe non-native speakers for entry into further education needs to know what the key linguistic or psycholinguistic indicators are of reading ability in a second of foreign language. 8- A literary scholar suspects that an anonymous work was in fact written by a very famous writer and looks for methods of investigating the hypothesis. 9- A dictionary writer ponders over possible alternatives to an alphabetically organized dictionary. 10- A computer programmer wrestles with the goal of trying to get a computer to process human speech or to get it to translate from one language into another. 11- A group of civil servants are tasked with standardizing language usage in their country, or deciding major aspects of language planning policy that will affect millions of people. 12- A body is set up to produce an international, agreed language for use by air-traffic controllers and pilots, or by marine pilots and ships’ captains. 13- A zoologist investigates the question whether monkeys have language similar to or quite distinct from human language and how it works. 14- A medical sociologist sets out to understand better the changes that occur in people’s use of language as they move into old age. (Michael McCarthy, â€Å"Issues in Applied Linguistics†, Cambridge University Press 2001, page 1-2) In a work called â€Å"Understanding applied linguistics† by Professor V. B Owhotu (2007), the author emphasizes the importance and growing diversity of applied linguistics. In his view applied linguistics is driven first by real world problems rather than theoretical explorations. In other words, the applied linguists should be preoccupied by the following problems: language learning problem (emergence, awareness, rules, use, context, automaticity, attitudes and expertise); language teaching problems (resources, training, practice, interaction, understanding, use, context, inequalities, motivation, outcomes); literacy problems (language and culture); language inequality problems such as ethnicity, class, gender and age; language policy and planning problems (status planning, corpus planning, and ecology of language); Language assessment problems (validity, reliability, usability, responsibility); language use problems (dialects, register, discourse communities, gate-keeping situations, limited access to services); language and technology problems (learning, assessment, access and use); translation and interpretation problem (on-line, off-line, technology assisted); and language pathology problems (aphasia, dyslexia, physical disabilities). Needless to say, it is far beyond my capacity to present an insight to all of these above-mentioned problems. However, in this part of the writing, I would like to take problems of language learning and teaching, translation  and interpretation, and speech-language pathology as examples to demonstrate the point that applied linguistics helps us to find out effective solutions to our practical problems. Researches in language teaching today show that applied linguistics is sometimes used to refer to â€Å"second language acquisitions†, but these are distinct fields, in that second language acquisition involves more theoretical study of the system of language, whereas applied linguistics concerns itself more with teaching and learning. In their approach to the study of learning, applied linguists have increasingly devised their own theories and methodologies, such as the shift towards studying the learner rather than the system of language itself, in contrast to the emphasis within second language acquisition. I shall continue by considering what avenues within linguists suggest themselves for approaching two of the problems relevant to languages teaching. Let us consider problem of teacher trying to understand why learners from the same language background are having difficulty with a particular grammatical structure in English. Potential linguistic questions for the solution of a grammatical problem, as McCarthy shows in â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics†, are: â€Å"What is known about the learner’s first language or any other language they know which might be interfering with their learning of the foreign language? What do grammarians say about this structure? What psychological barriers might be preventing the learning of the structure? Are some structure difficult to learn if they are tackled too early on? Is there an order in which structures are best presented? † (Michael McCarthy, â€Å"Issues in applied linguistics†, page 8). Can linguistics offer an approach or solution to the problem? If so, which branch(es) of linguistic study and by what methods? The answer lies in such linguistics’ components as pragmatics, semantics, syntax. In terms of pragmatics, students sometimes make mistakes in the use of unsuitable sentences in certain contexts that makes listeners misunderstand. Therefore, when teaching English, teachers need not only teach grammar and vocabulary but also teach how to use sentences in suitable contexts; e. g.  teaching students how and when to say thank you or apologize. In terms of syntax, the most popular mistakes students make are: when making sentences students often translate word by word as the result of their habit of mother tongue (e. g. I have a cat black); combining words incorrectly to produce phrases (e. g. â€Å"a high man† instead of â€Å"a tall man†); the agreement between words in a sentence (e. g. S and V, tenses). In these cases, possibly effective solutions for teachers are: teachers need to teach students how to combine words correctly according to English grammatical rules; they should teach words in contexts. Teachers might also apply semantic knowledge to deal with learners’ mistakes. That is when teaching students a word which has many different meanings, they should teach the meanings related to the context, situation; wishing to talk about a meaning of the word, we may use different synonyms or antonyms; when teaching students how to translate the sentences or the texts into learners’ mother tongue, we should teach students to combine the meaning of English words and the meaning of their mother tongue to have a good translation. It could be confirmed that any problems in language learning and teaching might be solved with application of linguistics, and knowledge about language plays or could play a major role in language teaching and learning. In translation and interpretation area, applied linguistics can also be shown with effective applications in solving problems. In an article titled â€Å"Linguistics and Applied Linguistics† posted in the website of University of Melbourne, Australia, the author emphasizes an important role of linguistics and applied linguistics in different areas of our life, specially in translation and interpretation area. The article provides clear reasons why linguistic and applied linguistics should be studied by those specializing in translation and interpretation. One of the given reasons is that the skills in need for solving problems are central to the study of linguistics. An evidence for this assumption is clearly shown in the article. That is, â€Å"In a period when Australian culture is coming to term with the need to relate the worldwide mosaic of non-English speaking cultures, and when information and communication are moving to technological centre stage, there is a growing demand for people equipped to analyze language. In fact, an increasing number of employers, ranging from language teachers to engineers of knowledge systems and speech synthesis, from translators to managers to designers of natural-language interfaces for computers, from lexicographers to lawyers to bilingual schools in Aboriginal communities, realize the value of a sound training in Linguistics†. As cited in the article, knowledge in Applied Linguistics will provide us a head start in understanding and orienting us to the area and will give us relevant knowledge and analytical skills. People with a background in Applied linguistics also gain an enhanced understanding of how people learn first, second and foreign languages and of how language is used in the community. These skills will be relevant to those interested in preparing for careers as language teachers, language education and assessment experts, speech pathologists, interpreters and translators, and a variety of jobs in industry where language and communication are issues are of concern. Linguistics and Applied Linguistics provide unique skills in cross-linguistic and cross-cultural communication that are helpful in solving problems in translation and interpretation. Speaking of applied computational linguistic, people often mention machine translation, computer – assisted translation, and natural language processing as fruitful areas which have also come to the forefront in recent years. I am going to pick up machine translation as a typical example of applying linguistic knowledge. Machine translation is a form of translation where a computer program analyses the text in one language – the â€Å"source text† – and then attempts to produce another, equivalent text in another language – the target text – without human intervention. Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some human intervention, as it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase. Note that in machine translation, the translator supports the machine and not the other way around. Nowadays most machine translation systems produce what is called a â€Å"gisting translation† – a rough translation that gives the â€Å"gist† of the source text, but is not otherwise usable. However, in fields with highly limited ranges of vocabulary and simple sentence structure, for example weather reports, machine translation can deliver useful results. It is often argued that the success of machine translation requires the problem of natural language understanding to be solved first. However, a number of heuristic methods of machine translation are also used, including: lexical lookup methods, grammar based methods, semantics based methods (knowledge-based machine translation), statistical methods, example based methods, dictionary-entry based methods, linguistic rule based methods. Generally, rule-based methods parse a text, usually creating an intermediary, symbolic representation, from which the text in the target language is generated. These methods require extensive lexicons with morphologic, syntactic, and semantic information, and large sets of rules. Statistical-based and example-based methods avoid manual lexicon building and rule-writing and instead try to generate translations based on bilingual text corpora, such as the Canadian Hansard corpus, the English-French record of the Canadian parliament. Where such corpora are available, impressive results can be achieved translating texts of a similar kind, but such corpora are still very rare. Given enough data, most machine translation programs work well enough for a native speaker of one language to get the approximate meaning of what is written by the other native speaker. The difficulty is getting enough data of the right kind to support the particular method. The large multilingual corpus of data needed for statistical methods to work is not necessary for the grammar based methods, for example. But then, the grammar methods need a skilled linguist to carefully design the grammar that they use. Generally speaking, application of knowledge from linguistics and applied linguistics benefits the practice of language teaching and learning, translation and interpretation. Linguistic theory has also provided a rich knowledge base for application in speech language pathology. First of all, linguistic approaches to aphasia are aimed at providing well-motivated descriptions for patterns of dissociation in aphasia; unifying diverse phenomena in normal and abnormal language under a single account; constraining competing accounts within linguistic theory. As cited by Roman Jakobson on the role of linguistics in research on aphasia (1971, p.39-40), â€Å"the application of purely linguistic criteria to the interpretation and classification of aphasia facts can contribute substantially to the science of language and language disturbances, provided that linguists remain as careful and cautious when dealing with psychological and neurological data as they have been in their traditional field†. He provides some linguistic approaches to aphasia such as: first of all, pathologists or clinicians should be familiar with the technical terms and devices of the medical disciplines dealing with aphasia; then, they must submit the clinical case reports to thorough linguistic analysis; and further, they should themselves work with aphasic patients in order to approach the cases directly and not only through prepared records which are quite differently conceived and elaborated. As we know, phonological theories have also provided frameworks for the description of the speech of unintelligible children in terms of coherent phonological systems, thus facilitating logical goal-setting for intervention. In this part, I might give an example of clinical application. Clinical linguistics entails the application of linguistics to speech-language pathology. This involves treating individuals whose linguistic development is atypical or impaired. This branch of applied linguistics may also involve treatment of specific language impairment, where one aspect of language develops exceptionally. Phonological disorder is a typical problem of people with speech-language pathology. Some children learning a language have difficulties at the phonological level of language acquisition, including problems with knowledge of phonetic segments and phonological constraint, and how that knowledge is implemented in speech production. These problems result in impaired intelligibility and most often difficulty in other language domains such as lexical and syntactic development. In addition, they may lead to later problems in developing literacy. Research in speech production disorders had little concern with the nature of phonology. Rather, children who used few speech sounds or used them incorrectly were studied to determine if they had problems with sensory, cognitive, motor, or perceptual tasks. A speech sound production problem was presumed to be a peripheral motor problem. After all, speech pathology and linguistics have, as sciences, experienced a parallel development over the past years. Although these disciplines have traditionally been separated, they have common areas of concern, and there are indications of a growing interest on the part of speech pathologists in such linguistic subfields as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics. Speech and hearing publications are paying attention to theoretical and methodological linguistic models, and descriptions of communication disorders are using linguistic paradigms as a basis. Given the interest of speech pathology in linguistics, there is both an obligation and an opportunity for linguists to define new roles for themselves within speech pathology. This requires the identification of common areas and methods by which the linguist can adapt linguistic concerns so that they are meaningful to the speech pathologist. Areas of common interest include communication disorders, phonetics, language acquisition, and language variation. Linguists may have to expand their data base to include the particular interests of speech pathology; they may need background information in areas not traditionally stressed in linguistics; and they must understand the goals of speech pathology as a professional field. Needless to say, what have been mentioned above may not enough to get an insight in application of linguistic and applied linguistic knowledge in solving practical problems. The writing, as being said in the very beginning part, just provides my personal comment on the given statement; therefore, in order to get insight in the statement, there should be further studies on it. There should be other different approaches in analyzing or understanding it, too. I myself believe that possible findings of potential studies on this viewpoint will be very meaningful and surely benefit the practice of applied linguistics in solving practical problems. REFERENCE 1) Alan Davies (2007), An Introduction to Applied Linguistics: From Practice to Theory, Edinburgh University Press. 2) Alan Davies and Catherine Elder (2004), The Handbook of Applied Linguistics, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing 3) Roman Jakobson (1968), Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals, Mouton Publishers. 4) Roman Jakobson (1959), On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, essay retrieved from http://www. scribd. com/doc/23687802/Linguistic-Aspects-of-Translation-Jakobson 5) Michael McCarthy (2001), Issues in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press. 6) V. B. Owhotu (2007), Understanding Applied Linguistics, University of Lagos Press. 7) Phillip Shaw, An Overview of Applied Linguistics, video retrieved from www. sportballa. com/video-gallery/Applied-linguistics 8) Kamil Wisniewski (2007), Applied linguistics, article retrieved from http://www. tlumaczenia-angielski. info/linguistics/applied-linguistics. htm. ———————– Linguistics By components of language Phonetics (sounds) Syn j C tax (grammar) Lexis (words) Semantics (meanings) Pragmatics (uses) Discourse (connected texts) By areas studied Comparative linguistics Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Historical linguistics Theoretical linguistics Applied Linguistics.